All of the following are elements of valid informed consent EXCEPT:

Duty to stay until the study ends

Disclosure of risks and benefits

In a group of adults, mean systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg (SD 12) and mean weight is 60 kg (SD 9). Which variable is more variable, and why?

Both equally, as the CVs are equal

Blood pressure, as its SD is larger

Blood pressure, as its CV is 10%

Nursing research and statistics

50 Kerala PSC Staff Nurse Gr II practice questions on Nursing research and statistics, part of Nursing Education and Research. The first 25 are below; the first 5 with answers and explanations (tap Show answer after you have chosen), the rest in Learn with a free account.

Question 1 · Medium
All of the following are elements of valid informed consent EXCEPT:
1. ARight to withdraw at any time
2. BAssurance of confidentiality
3. CDisclosure of risks and benefits
4. DDuty to stay until the study ends
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Answer: D · Duty to stay until the study ends
Valid consent needs full disclosure, understanding, voluntariness and the freedom to withdraw at any stage. A participant can never be bound to stay until the study ends. Withdrawal must not affect the care the person receives. Confidentiality of the data must be assured in the consent form.
- A: The right to withdraw at any time is an essential element.
- B: Assurance of confidentiality is an essential element.
- C: Disclosure of risks and benefits is an essential element of consent.
Question 2 · Hard
In a survey of 200 nurses, 50 hold a B.Sc. Nursing degree. In a pie chart of qualifications, what angle should this sector have?
1. A90 degrees
2. B50 degrees
3. C45 degrees
4. D25 degrees
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Answer: A · 90 degrees
Sector angle = (category frequency / total) x 360 degrees. Here (50 / 200) x 360 = 0.25 x 360 = 90 degrees. The B.Sc. group is one quarter of the sample, so it fills a quarter of the circle. All sector angles together must add up to 360 degrees.
- B: 50 is the raw frequency, not converted to degrees.
- C: 45 degrees uses 180 instead of 360 degrees for the whole circle.
- D: 25 is the percentage, not the angle.
Question 3 · Hard
Two observers independently rate 50 hand-washing episodes on a checklist as correct or incorrect. They agree on 45 episodes. What is the percentage agreement?
1. A45%
2. B90%
3. C10%
4. D95%
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Answer: B · 90%
Percentage agreement = agreements / total observations x 100. Here 45 / 50 x 100 = 90%. This is a simple measure of inter-rater reliability for observation checklists. A value of 90% or more is usually considered good, though kappa corrects for agreement by chance.
- A: 45% takes the number of agreements as if it were a percentage.
- C: 10% is the disagreement rate, not the agreement.
- D: 95% divides 45 by about 47, an arithmetic slip.
Question 4 · Easy
The value of the correlation coefficient (r) ranges from:
1. A-1 to +1
2. B0 to 100
3. C0 to +1
4. D-100 to +100
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Answer: A · -1 to +1
Pearson's correlation coefficient lies between -1 and +1. A value of +1 is perfect positive correlation, -1 is perfect negative correlation and 0 means no linear correlation. The sign shows the direction and the size shows the strength. Correlation does not prove causation.
- B: r is not a percentage.
- C: Negative values are possible when one variable falls as the other rises.
- D: r has no units and never exceeds 1 in size.
Question 5 · Hard
In a group of adults, mean systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg (SD 12) and mean weight is 60 kg (SD 9). Which variable is more variable, and why?
1. ABoth equally, as the CVs are equal
2. BBlood pressure, as its SD is larger
3. CWeight, as its CV is 15%
4. DBlood pressure, as its CV is 10%
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Answer: C · Weight, as its CV is 15%
Variables in different units are compared by the coefficient of variation. CV of blood pressure = 12 / 120 x 100 = 10%; CV of weight = 9 / 60 x 100 = 15%. Weight therefore varies more relative to its mean. Comparing the raw SDs (12 versus 9) gives the wrong answer.
- A: The CVs are 10% and 15%, not equal.
- B: SDs in different units cannot be compared directly.
- D: A CV of 10% is lower than 15%, so blood pressure is less variable.
Question 6 · Hard
A study with 20 patients finds no significant difference in pressure ulcer rates between two mattresses (p = 0.40), although one mattress is truly better. The researcher has made a:
1. ASampling bias
2. BType II error
3. CMeasurement error
4. DType I error
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 7 · Easy
Voluntary agreement of a participant after being told the purpose, procedures, risks and benefits of a study is:
1. ABeneficence
2. BInformed consent
3. CAnonymity
4. DConfidentiality
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 8 · Easy
Before data collection begins, a nursing study involving patients must be reviewed and approved by the:
1. AInstitutional ethics committee
2. BState nursing council
3. CMedical records department
4. DNursing superintendent
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 9 · Hard
A nurse gives a knowledge test to 40 diabetic patients, teaches them foot care, and retests the same patients after 7 days. There is no comparison group. The design is:
1. APost-test only control group design
2. BSolomon four-group design
3. COne-group pretest-post-test design
4. DTrue experimental design
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 10 · Easy
The first step of the research process is:
1. ASelecting the sample
2. BIdentifying the research problem
3. CFormulating the hypothesis
4. DReviewing the literature
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 11 · Medium
Cronbach's alpha is used to assess a tool's:
1. AInternal consistency
2. BTest-retest stability
3. CContent validity
4. DInter-rater agreement
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 12 · Medium
To survey households in a district, a researcher randomly selects 10 wards and studies every household in those wards. This is:
1. APurposive sampling
2. BSnowball sampling
3. CCluster sampling
4. DStratified sampling
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 13 · Medium
The chi-square test is used to analyse data that are:
1. AMeans of two groups
2. BMeans of three groups
3. CFrequencies in categories
4. DRanks of paired scores
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 14 · Medium
A p value of 0.03 is obtained in a study that uses 0.05 as the level of significance. The researcher should:
1. AChange the significance level
2. BAccept the null hypothesis
3. CEnlarge the sample and repeat
4. DReject the null hypothesis
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 15 · Medium
A study follows smoking and non-smoking factory workers forward for 10 years and compares the rate of lung disease. The design is a:
1. ACase-control study
2. BCross-sectional study
3. CRandomised controlled trial
4. DProspective cohort study
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 16 · Medium
Which measure is used to compare the variability of two sets of data measured in different units?
1. AVariance
2. BRange
3. CCoefficient of variation
4. DStandard deviation
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 17 · Easy
Body weight in kilograms is measured on which scale?
1. ARatio
2. BOrdinal
3. CNominal
4. DInterval
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 18 · Medium
A correlation coefficient of r = -0.85 between daily hours of exercise and body weight indicates a:
1. ANear-zero correlation
2. BWeak negative correlation
3. CStrong positive correlation
4. DStrong negative correlation
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 19 · Easy
Variables such as age, sex, education and income, recorded to describe the sample, are called:
1. ADependent variables
2. BDemographic variables
3. CExtraneous variables
4. DIndependent variables
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 20 · Medium
A researcher divides nurses into staff nurses, head nurses and supervisors, then randomly selects subjects from each group. This is:
1. ASystematic sampling
2. BStratified random sampling
3. CQuota sampling
4. DCluster sampling
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 21 · Medium
Which feature of a true experiment is missing in a quasi-experimental design?
1. AManipulation of the independent variable
2. BRandom assignment of subjects
3. CAn intervention given by the researcher
4. DMeasurement of the outcome
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Question 22 · Medium
The aim of phenomenology as a qualitative research approach is to:
1. ATest a cause-effect relationship
2. BBuild a theory from the data
3. CDescribe people's lived experiences
4. DStudy the culture of a group
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Question 23 · Easy
A small trial run of a study, done before the main study to test the tool and feasibility, is called a:
1. AField survey
2. BPilot study
3. CCase study
4. DMain study
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Question 24 · Hard
A nursing superintendent wants to show the monthly number of dengue admissions in a Kerala district hospital over two years, to highlight the rise during the monsoon. The best presentation is a:
1. ALine graph
2. BScatter diagram
3. CPie chart
4. DOgive
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 25 · Medium
The hypothesis 'Mothers who receive breastfeeding counselling will have higher exclusive breastfeeding rates than mothers who do not' is a:
1. ADirectional hypothesis
2. BNull hypothesis
3. CNon-directional hypothesis
4. DComplex hypothesis
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account

25 more Nursing research and statistics questions

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Nursing research and statistics

All of the following are elements of valid informed consent EXCEPT:

In a survey of 200 nurses, 50 hold a B.Sc. Nursing degree. In a pie chart of qualifications, what angle should this sector have?

Two observers independently rate 50 hand-washing episodes on a checklist as correct or incorrect. They agree on 45 episodes. What is the percentage agreement?

The value of the correlation coefficient (r) ranges from:

In a group of adults, mean systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg (SD 12) and mean weight is 60 kg (SD 9). Which variable is more variable, and why?

A study with 20 patients finds no significant difference in pressure ulcer rates between two mattresses (p = 0.40), although one mattress is truly better. The researcher has made a:

Voluntary agreement of a participant after being told the purpose, procedures, risks and benefits of a study is:

Before data collection begins, a nursing study involving patients must be reviewed and approved by the:

A nurse gives a knowledge test to 40 diabetic patients, teaches them foot care, and retests the same patients after 7 days. There is no comparison group. The design is:

The first step of the research process is:

Cronbach's alpha is used to assess a tool's:

To survey households in a district, a researcher randomly selects 10 wards and studies every household in those wards. This is:

The chi-square test is used to analyse data that are:

A p value of 0.03 is obtained in a study that uses 0.05 as the level of significance. The researcher should:

A study follows smoking and non-smoking factory workers forward for 10 years and compares the rate of lung disease. The design is a:

Which measure is used to compare the variability of two sets of data measured in different units?

Body weight in kilograms is measured on which scale?

A correlation coefficient of r = -0.85 between daily hours of exercise and body weight indicates a:

Variables such as age, sex, education and income, recorded to describe the sample, are called:

A researcher divides nurses into staff nurses, head nurses and supervisors, then randomly selects subjects from each group. This is:

Which feature of a true experiment is missing in a quasi-experimental design?

The aim of phenomenology as a qualitative research approach is to:

A small trial run of a study, done before the main study to test the tool and feasibility, is called a:

A nursing superintendent wants to show the monthly number of dengue admissions in a Kerala district hospital over two years, to highlight the rise during the monsoon. The best presentation is a:

The hypothesis 'Mothers who receive breastfeeding counselling will have higher exclusive breastfeeding rates than mothers who do not' is a: