During endotracheal suctioning of an adult, suction is applied only:

While the catheter is being withdrawn

Before the catheter enters the tube

Throughout insertion and withdrawal

While the catheter is being inserted

The ventrogluteal site is preferred for intramuscular injections in adults mainly because it:

Is free of major nerves and blood vessels

Absorbs drugs faster than the deltoid

Has the thickest fat layer over the muscle

Can be given with the patient sitting up

In Carpenito's bifocal model, which of these is a collaborative problem rather than a nursing diagnosis?

Potential complication: hypoglycaemia in a patient on insulin

Anxiety related to the unknown outcome of surgery

Risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility

Deficient knowledge of foot care in diabetes

In the RACE sequence for a fire on a hospital ward, the first action is to:

Rescue patients in immediate danger

Confine the fire by closing doors

Extinguish the fire if it is small

The Z-track technique is used for intramuscular iron dextran mainly to:

Seal the drug in muscle and prevent skin staining

Allow a larger volume to be given at one site

Speed up absorption of the drug from the muscle

Reduce the risk of hitting the sciatic nerve

Nursing process, theories and basic procedures

50 M.Sc Nursing Entrance (AIIMS, LBS, PGIMER, JIPMER) practice questions on Nursing process, theories and basic procedures, part of Fundamentals of Nursing. The first 25 are below; the first 5 with answers and explanations (tap Show answer after you have chosen), the rest in Learn with a free account.

Question 1 · Medium
During endotracheal suctioning of an adult, suction is applied only:
1. ABefore the catheter enters the tube
2. BWhile the catheter is being withdrawn
3. CThroughout insertion and withdrawal
4. DWhile the catheter is being inserted
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Answer: B · While the catheter is being withdrawn
The catheter is passed with the suction port open so that no negative pressure acts on the airway during insertion. Suction is applied intermittently while the catheter is rotated and withdrawn, for no more than 10-15 seconds. This removes secretions while limiting hypoxaemia and mucosal trauma. The patient is preoxygenated before each pass.
- A: Suction before entry clears nothing and wastes the oxygen reserve.
- C: Continuous suction prolongs oxygen removal and damages the tracheal lining.
- D: Suction during insertion pulls on the mucosa and removes oxygen without clearing secretions.
Question 2 · Medium
The ventrogluteal site is preferred for intramuscular injections in adults mainly because it:
1. AAbsorbs drugs faster than the deltoid
2. BHas the thickest fat layer over the muscle
3. CIs free of major nerves and blood vessels
4. DCan be given with the patient sitting up
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Answer: C · Is free of major nerves and blood vessels
The ventrogluteal site lies over the gluteus medius and minimus, well away from the sciatic nerve and the superior gluteal vessels. It is located with the palm on the greater trochanter, the index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine and the middle finger spread towards the iliac crest. It has a deep muscle mass covered by relatively little fat. The dorsogluteal site is avoided because of the risk to the sciatic nerve.
- A: The deltoid absorbs drugs as fast or faster; speed is not the reason.
- B: The fat layer over the ventrogluteal muscle is relatively thin, which is an advantage.
- D: The patient is usually placed on the side or back, not sitting; posture is not the reason.
Question 3 · Medium
In Carpenito's bifocal model, which of these is a collaborative problem rather than a nursing diagnosis?
1. AAnxiety related to the unknown outcome of surgery
2. BRisk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility
3. CDeficient knowledge of foot care in diabetes
4. DPotential complication: hypoglycaemia in a patient on insulin
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Answer: D · Potential complication: hypoglycaemia in a patient on insulin
Collaborative problems are physiological complications that nurses monitor to detect onset or change, and manage with both physician-prescribed and nurse-prescribed actions. They are written as 'Potential complication' or 'Risk for complications' followed by the problem. Nursing diagnoses describe responses that nurses can treat independently. Hypoglycaemia needs medical orders such as dextrose, while turning, teaching and reassurance are nurse-initiated.
- A: Anxiety is a human response the nurse treats independently.
- B: Pressure injury risk is managed by nurse-prescribed turning and skin care, so it is a nursing diagnosis.
- C: A knowledge deficit is treated by nurse-initiated teaching.
Question 4 · Easy
In the RACE sequence for a fire on a hospital ward, the first action is to:
1. AConfine the fire by closing doors
2. BExtinguish the fire if it is small
3. CRescue patients in immediate danger
4. DActivate the fire alarm
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Answer: C · Rescue patients in immediate danger
RACE stands for Rescue, Alarm, Confine (or contain) and Extinguish (or evacuate). Patients in immediate danger are moved first, then the alarm is raised and doors are closed to limit smoke and spread. Only then is a small fire tackled with an extinguisher. The extinguisher itself is used by PASS: pull, aim, squeeze, sweep.
- A: Confining the fire is the third step.
- B: Extinguishing is the last step and only for a small fire.
- D: Raising the alarm is the second step, after anyone in danger is moved.
Question 5 · Medium
The Z-track technique is used for intramuscular iron dextran mainly to:
1. AAllow a larger volume to be given at one site
2. BSpeed up absorption of the drug from the muscle
3. CReduce the risk of hitting the sciatic nerve
4. DSeal the drug in muscle and prevent skin staining
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Answer: D · Seal the drug in muscle and prevent skin staining
In the Z-track method the skin is pulled about 2.5-3.5 cm to one side before the needle goes in, and released after the needle is withdrawn. The displaced layers close over the needle track like a zigzag, so the drug cannot leak back into subcutaneous tissue. This prevents pain and permanent brown staining from iron. The site is not massaged afterwards.
- A: The maximum volume per site is unchanged by the technique.
- B: Sealing the track does not change the rate of absorption.
- C: Protection of the sciatic nerve depends on site selection, not the Z-track.
Question 6 · Hard
A 70-year-old recovering from pneumonia says, 'I get tired and breathless just walking to the toilet.' At rest: HR 82/min, RR 18/min, BP 126/78 mmHg, SpO2 96%, lungs clear, no oedema. After walking 10 m: HR 118/min, RR 30/min, SpO2 95%, needs to sit down. Which NANDA-I diagnosis best fits this cluster?
1. AIneffective breathing pattern
2. BImpaired gas exchange
3. CDecreased activity tolerance
4. DDecreased cardiac output
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 7 · Hard
A 1,000 mL IV infusion starts at 08:00 at 125 mL/h. At 10:00 it is stopped for one hour for a transfusion, then restarted at 11:00 at 150 mL/h. At what time will it finish?
1. A15:00
2. B16:00
3. C19:00
4. D17:00
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 8 · Medium
A nurse uses focus (DAR) charting: 'Focus: acute pain. D: grimacing, rates incision pain 8/10. A: morphine 4 mg IV as ordered, repositioned on side.' Which entry belongs under R?
1. AIncision red and swollen, pain 8/10
2. BPain 3/10 after 30 minutes, resting quietly
3. CMorphine may be repeated after 4 hours
4. DAnxious about the result of the biopsy
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 9 · Medium
A risk nursing diagnosis, such as 'Risk for infection', differs from an actual diagnosis because it has no:
1. ARisk factors
2. BDefinition
3. CDiagnostic label
4. DDefining characteristics
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 10 · Easy
Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model mainly explains:
1. AWhy caring is the moral ideal of nursing
2. BHow the nurse compensates for self-care deficits
3. CWhy people take up health-promoting behaviour
4. DHow patients adapt to focal and contextual stimuli
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 11 · Easy
During an admission interview of an alert adult, which is the primary source of assessment data?
1. AThe referring doctor's letter
2. BThe patient's spouse
3. CThe patient
4. DThe previous discharge summary
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 12 · Medium
In Lydia Hall's care, core and cure model, the 'core' refers to:
1. AThe nurse's intimate bodily care of the patient
2. BThe patient as a person, through therapeutic use of self
3. CMedical care that the nurse shares with doctors
4. DThe patient's family and community supports
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 13 · Medium
A hot pack left on a patient's lower back for 90 minutes may lead to vasoconstriction instead of the intended vasodilation. This effect is called the:
1. ARebound phenomenon
2. BReferred response
3. CReflex hyperaemia
4. DThermal adaptation
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 14 · Medium
Percussion over the liver, in the right midclavicular line between the fifth intercostal space and the costal margin, normally produces which note?
1. ADullness
2. BTympany
3. CResonance
4. DHyperresonance
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 15 · Hard
Which nursing diagnosis statement breaks a basic rule for writing diagnoses?
1. ARisk for falls related to sedation and an unsteady gait
2. BAcute pain related to tissue trauma, as evidenced by pain rated 7/10
3. CImpaired skin integrity related to infrequent turning by night staff
4. DImpaired physical mobility related to pain in the left hip
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 16 · Medium
Why is the container of a cleansing enema held no higher than about 45 cm above the patient's anus?
1. AHigher pressure can distend and injure the bowel
2. BIt stops air from entering the rectal tube
3. CIt keeps the solution at body temperature
4. DIt lets the solution reach the caecum quickly
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 17 · Hard
Pethidine 75 mg IM is ordered for post-operative pain. The ampoule contains 100 mg in 2 mL. How much should the nurse draw up?
1. A1.33 mL
2. B1.5 mL
3. C0.75 mL
4. D2.67 mL
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 18 · Hard
A 72-year-old fell at home last month. She has diabetes and hypertension, walks with a walker, has an IV cannula in place, has a weak gait and knows her own limits. Using the Morse Fall Scale, what is her score?
1. A65
2. B100
3. C70
4. D85
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 19 · Hard
A 45-year-old lorry driver has just been told that his crushed leg must be amputated below the knee. He is also worried that he will lose his job, and he believes that illness is a punishment for past wrongs. In Roy's adaptation model, the coming amputation is the:
1. AResidual stimulus
2. BContextual stimulus
3. CAdaptive mode
4. DFocal stimulus
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 20 · Medium
A grandmother insists on giving a newborn honey before the first breastfeed. The nurse explains the risks and helps the family to start breastfeeding within the first hour instead. In Leininger's theory, this action is:
1. ACulture care repatterning
2. BCulture care preservation
3. CCulture care diversity
4. DCulture care accommodation
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 21 · Easy
According to Imogene King's theory of goal attainment, goals are reached when the nurse and the patient achieve:
1. ASelf-care
2. BConservation
3. CAdaptation
4. DTransactions
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 22 · Easy
The four central concepts that make up the metaparadigm of nursing are:
1. APhysiological, safety, love and esteem needs
2. BCare, core, cure and community
3. CPerson, environment, health and nursing
4. DAssessment, diagnosis, planning and evaluation
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 23 · Medium
In Neuman's systems model, nursing actions started after a stressor has broken through the normal line of defence and symptoms have appeared are called:
1. ASecondary prevention
2. BPrimary prevention
3. CReconstitution
4. DTertiary prevention
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Question 24 · Hard
A patient is scored on the Norton scale (each item 1-4): physical condition fair (3), mental condition confused (2), activity chairbound (2), mobility very limited (2), incontinence usually urinary (2). What is the total score?
1. A14
2. B12
3. C9
4. D11
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 25 · Medium
Which of these practices is an example of surgical rather than medical asepsis?
1. AWearing clean gloves to empty a urine bag
2. BInserting a urinary catheter over a sterile field
3. CWiping a bed rail with a disinfectant
4. DWashing the hands before serving meals
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account

25 more Nursing process, theories and basic procedures questions

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Nursing process, theories and basic procedures

During endotracheal suctioning of an adult, suction is applied only:

The ventrogluteal site is preferred for intramuscular injections in adults mainly because it:

In Carpenito's bifocal model, which of these is a collaborative problem rather than a nursing diagnosis?

In the RACE sequence for a fire on a hospital ward, the first action is to:

The Z-track technique is used for intramuscular iron dextran mainly to:

A 1,000 mL IV infusion starts at 08:00 at 125 mL/h. At 10:00 it is stopped for one hour for a transfusion, then restarted at 11:00 at 150 mL/h. At what time will it finish?

A nurse uses focus (DAR) charting: 'Focus: acute pain. D: grimacing, rates incision pain 8/10. A: morphine 4 mg IV as ordered, repositioned on side.' Which entry belongs under R?

A risk nursing diagnosis, such as 'Risk for infection', differs from an actual diagnosis because it has no:

Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model mainly explains:

During an admission interview of an alert adult, which is the primary source of assessment data?

In Lydia Hall's care, core and cure model, the 'core' refers to:

A hot pack left on a patient's lower back for 90 minutes may lead to vasoconstriction instead of the intended vasodilation. This effect is called the:

Percussion over the liver, in the right midclavicular line between the fifth intercostal space and the costal margin, normally produces which note?

Which nursing diagnosis statement breaks a basic rule for writing diagnoses?

Why is the container of a cleansing enema held no higher than about 45 cm above the patient's anus?

Pethidine 75 mg IM is ordered for post-operative pain. The ampoule contains 100 mg in 2 mL. How much should the nurse draw up?

A 72-year-old fell at home last month. She has diabetes and hypertension, walks with a walker, has an IV cannula in place, has a weak gait and knows her own limits. Using the Morse Fall Scale, what is her score?

A 45-year-old lorry driver has just been told that his crushed leg must be amputated below the knee. He is also worried that he will lose his job, and he believes that illness is a punishment for past wrongs. In Roy's adaptation model, the coming amputation is the:

A grandmother insists on giving a newborn honey before the first breastfeed. The nurse explains the risks and helps the family to start breastfeeding within the first hour instead. In Leininger's theory, this action is:

According to Imogene King's theory of goal attainment, goals are reached when the nurse and the patient achieve:

The four central concepts that make up the metaparadigm of nursing are:

In Neuman's systems model, nursing actions started after a stressor has broken through the normal line of defence and symptoms have appeared are called:

A patient is scored on the Norton scale (each item 1-4): physical condition fair (3), mental condition confused (2), activity chairbound (2), mobility very limited (2), incontinence usually urinary (2). What is the total score?

Which of these practices is an example of surgical rather than medical asepsis?