Epidemiology, health care delivery and vital statistics

40 Staff nurse recruitment practice questions on Epidemiology, health care delivery and vital statistics, part of Community Health Nursing. The first 25 are below; the first 5 with answers and explanations (tap Show answer after you have chosen), the rest in Learn with a free account.

Question 1 · Hard
A screening test is tried on 1,000 adults. Of 200 who have the disease, 180 test positive; of 800 without it, 760 test negative. What is the specificity of the test?
1. A95%
2. B97%
3. C90%
4. D82%
Show answerHide answer
Answer: A · 95%
Specificity = true negatives / all people without the disease x 100. Here 760 / 800 x 100 = 95%. Sensitivity is 180 / 200 = 90%. The 40 false positives mean the positive predictive value is 180 / (180 + 40) = about 82%, and the negative predictive value is 760 / 780 = about 97%.
- B: 97% is the negative predictive value.
- C: 90% is the sensitivity, true positives among the diseased.
- D: 82% is the positive predictive value.
Question 2 · Medium
Along with a physician, a surgeon and an obstetrician-gynaecologist, the specialist posted at a Community Health Centre is a:
1. APaediatrician
2. BDermatologist
3. CPsychiatrist
4. DOrthopaedic surgeon
Show answerHide answer
Answer: A · Paediatrician
A CHC is planned to have four core specialists: physician, surgeon, obstetrician-gynaecologist and paediatrician. These cover the commonest referrals from PHCs, including emergency obstetric and newborn care. Psychiatric, skin and orthopaedic care are usually found at district hospitals. Many CHCs struggle to fill these specialist posts.
- B: Dermatology is not one of the core CHC specialties.
- C: Psychiatry services are mainly at the district level under the mental health programme.
- D: Orthopaedics is usually provided at the district hospital.
Question 3 · Medium
A man cured of leprosy has a claw hand. He undergoes reconstructive surgery and is then trained for a new job. These measures are an example of:
1. ADisability limitation
2. BRehabilitation
3. CSpecific protection
4. DEarly treatment
Show answerHide answer
Answer: B · Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation restores the person's best possible physical, social and vocational function after disability has occurred. Reconstructive surgery and vocational training are both rehabilitation, which is part of tertiary prevention. Disability limitation, by contrast, tries to stop the disease from producing a disability in the first place. In leprosy, early treatment and care of anaesthetic hands and feet limit disability.
- A: Disability limitation prevents the disability from developing; here it already exists.
- C: Specific protection is primary prevention against a particular disease.
- D: Early treatment is secondary prevention; his leprosy is already cured.
Question 4 · Easy
The most peripheral contact point between the primary health care system and the community in rural India is the:
1. APrimary Health Centre
2. BSub-centre
3. CCommunity Health Centre
4. DDistrict hospital
Show answerHide answer
Answer: B · Sub-centre
The sub-centre is the first level of the formal rural health system and the closest to the people. It serves 5,000 people in the plains and 3,000 in hilly and tribal areas. It is run by an ANM with a male health worker, now often with a Community Health Officer at an Ayushman Arogya Mandir. The ASHA links each village to it.
- A: The PHC is the next tier above, supervising about six sub-centres.
- C: The CHC is the first referral level for about four PHCs.
- D: The district hospital is the top of the district system.
Question 5 · Easy
In which year was the Alma-Ata Declaration on primary health care adopted?
1. A1983
2. B1946
3. C1978
4. D2000
Show answerHide answer
Answer: C · 1978
The International Conference on Primary Health Care at Alma-Ata, in the former USSR, adopted the declaration in September 1978. It set the goal of 'Health for All by 2000 AD' with primary health care as the key. India took up this goal in its first National Health Policy of 1983. The year 2000 was the target date, not the year of adoption.
- A: 1983 is the year India adopted its first National Health Policy.
- B: 1946 is the year of the Bhore Committee report and the signing of the WHO Constitution.
- D: 2000 was the target year of 'Health for All', not the year of the conference.
Question 6 · Easy
Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are the modes of intervention at which level of prevention?
1. APrimordial
2. BPrimary
3. CSecondary
4. DTertiary
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 7 · Easy
Cases of a disease that occur irregularly and scattered, with no clear link to each other, are described as:
1. AEndemic
2. BExotic
3. CSporadic
4. DEpidemic
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 8 · Medium
A maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within how long after the end of pregnancy, from a cause related to pregnancy?
1. A42 days
2. BOne year
3. C28 days
4. D7 days
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 9 · Hard
A block has a mid-year population of 50,000. During the year it records 350 deaths from all causes. What is the crude death rate?
1. A0.7 per 1,000
2. B7 per 1,000
3. C3.5 per 1,000
4. D70 per 1,000
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 10 · Medium
Compared with elimination, the eradication of a disease means:
1. AEnding all transmission worldwide by removing the agent
2. BReducing cases to a level that is no longer a problem
3. CEnding transmission within one country or region
4. DBringing the disease under control with vaccination
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 11 · Medium
In measuring the burden of disease, one disability-adjusted life year (DALY) represents:
1. AOne extra year of life expectancy
2. BOne lost year of healthy life
3. COne year lived free of disability
4. DOne year spent in hospital care
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 12 · Hard
A district in the plains has a rural population of 6,00,000. Using the national norms, how many Community Health Centres does it need?
1. A20
2. B120
3. C7
4. D5
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 13 · Medium
During a diarrhoea outbreak, the ANM chlorinates all the village wells. This control measure acts mainly on the:
1. AMode of transmission
2. BReservoir of infection
3. CVirulence of the agent
4. DSusceptible host
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 14 · Easy
A standard Primary Health Centre in rural India has about how many beds?
1. AThirty
2. BFifty
3. COne hundred
4. DFour to six
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 15 · Easy
The under-five mortality rate is expressed per:
1. A1,000 live births
2. B1,000 children aged 1-4 years
3. C1,00,000 live births
4. D1,000 mid-year population
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 16 · Medium
An epidemic curve shows cases rising sharply, then falling, all within one incubation period and with no later waves. This pattern suggests a:
1. AContinuous common-source epidemic
2. BSlow modern epidemic
3. CSingle exposure common-source epidemic
4. DPropagated person-to-person epidemic
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 17 · Medium
In the epidemiological triad, a rise in dengue cases after the monsoon is best explained by a change in:
1. AAgent factors
2. BAgent virulence
3. CEnvironmental factors
4. DHost factors
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 18 · Easy
Preventing the appearance of risk factors such as smoking and unhealthy diet in a population where they have not yet emerged is called:
1. ATertiary prevention
2. BPrimordial prevention
3. CPrimary prevention
4. DSecondary prevention
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 19 · Medium
At a village camp, a nurse checks the blood glucose of all adults over 30 years who feel well. Which level of prevention does this represent?
1. ASecondary prevention
2. BPrimordial prevention
3. CPrimary prevention
4. DTertiary prevention
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 20 · Medium
Under the International Health Regulations (2005), a single case of which disease must always be notified to WHO?
1. ASmallpox
2. BMalaria
3. CDengue
4. DTyphoid fever
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 21 · Medium
The Human Development Index combines life expectancy at birth, education and:
1. AInfant mortality rate
2. BGross national income per head
3. CAdult literacy alone
4. DDoctor-population ratio
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 22 · Easy
Early neonatal deaths are the deaths of live-born babies within the first:
1. A7 days of life
2. B42 days of life
3. C28 days of life
4. D24 hours of life
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 23 · Hard
Taking the basic reproduction number of measles as 15, about what proportion of a community must be immune for herd immunity to stop its spread?
1. AAbout 93%
2. BAbout 7%
3. CAbout 50%
4. DAbout 85%
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 24 · Hard
A sub-centre records 1,200 live births in a year. Deaths were 18 babies under 28 days, 12 babies aged 28 days to under one year, and 6 children aged 1-4 years. What is the infant mortality rate?
1. A15 per 1,000 live births
2. B30 per 1,000 live births
3. C10 per 1,000 live births
4. D25 per 1,000 live births
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account
Question 25 · Hard
A PHC area has a mid-year population of 50,000, including 24,000 females, of whom 12,000 are aged 15-49 years. There were 600 live births in the year. What is the general fertility rate per 1,000?
1. A5
2. B12
3. C50
4. D25
Answer and explanation in LearnFree account

15 more Epidemiology, health care delivery and vital statistics questions

Answer them one by one, keep your score and see your weak topics in Learn. Signed-out visitors try 25 per exam; sign in with Google to see them all.

Study Community Health Nursing

Epidemiology, health care delivery and vital statistics

A screening test is tried on 1,000 adults. Of 200 who have the disease, 180 test positive; of 800 without it, 760 test negative. What is the specificity of the test?

Along with a physician, a surgeon and an obstetrician-gynaecologist, the specialist posted at a Community Health Centre is a:

A man cured of leprosy has a claw hand. He undergoes reconstructive surgery and is then trained for a new job. These measures are an example of:

The most peripheral contact point between the primary health care system and the community in rural India is the:

In which year was the Alma-Ata Declaration on primary health care adopted?

Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are the modes of intervention at which level of prevention?

Cases of a disease that occur irregularly and scattered, with no clear link to each other, are described as:

A maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within how long after the end of pregnancy, from a cause related to pregnancy?

A block has a mid-year population of 50,000. During the year it records 350 deaths from all causes. What is the crude death rate?

Compared with elimination, the eradication of a disease means:

In measuring the burden of disease, one disability-adjusted life year (DALY) represents:

A district in the plains has a rural population of 6,00,000. Using the national norms, how many Community Health Centres does it need?

During a diarrhoea outbreak, the ANM chlorinates all the village wells. This control measure acts mainly on the:

A standard Primary Health Centre in rural India has about how many beds?

The under-five mortality rate is expressed per:

An epidemic curve shows cases rising sharply, then falling, all within one incubation period and with no later waves. This pattern suggests a:

In the epidemiological triad, a rise in dengue cases after the monsoon is best explained by a change in:

Preventing the appearance of risk factors such as smoking and unhealthy diet in a population where they have not yet emerged is called:

At a village camp, a nurse checks the blood glucose of all adults over 30 years who feel well. Which level of prevention does this represent?

Under the International Health Regulations (2005), a single case of which disease must always be notified to WHO?

The Human Development Index combines life expectancy at birth, education and:

Early neonatal deaths are the deaths of live-born babies within the first:

Taking the basic reproduction number of measles as 15, about what proportion of a community must be immune for herd immunity to stop its spread?

A sub-centre records 1,200 live births in a year. Deaths were 18 babies under 28 days, 12 babies aged 28 days to under one year, and 6 children aged 1-4 years. What is the infant mortality rate?

A PHC area has a mid-year population of 50,000, including 24,000 females, of whom 12,000 are aged 15-49 years. There were 600 live births in the year. What is the general fertility rate per 1,000?